The goal of this obfuscation technique simply consists in replacing standard binary operators (like addition, subtraction or boolean operators) by functionally equivalent, but more complicated sequences of instructions. When several equivalent instructions sequence are available, one is chosen at random.

This kind of obfuscation is rather straightforward and does not add a lot of security, as it can easily be removed by re-optimizing the generated code. However, provided the pseudo-random generator is seeded with different values, instructions substitutions bring diversity in the produced binary.

Currently, only operators on integers are available, as substituting operators on floating-point values bring rounding errors and unnecessary numerical inaccuracy.

• -mllvm -sub: activate instructions substitution
• -mllvm -sub_loop=3: if the pass is activated, applies it 3 times on a function. Default : 1.

For the moment, the following substitutions are available :

• Addition
  • a = b - (-c)

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = sub i32 0, %1
%3 = sub nsw i32 %0, %2

• a = -(-b + (-c))

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = sub i32 0, %0
%3 = sub i32 0, %1
%4 = add i32 %2, %3
%5 = sub nsw i32 0, %4

• r = rand (); a = b + r; a = a + c; a = a - r

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = add i32 %0, 1107414009
%3 = add i32 %2, %1
%4 = sub nsw i32 %3, 1107414009

• r = rand (); a = b - r; a = a + b; a = a + r

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = sub i32 %0, 1108523271
%3 = add i32 %2, %1
%4 = add nsw i32 %3, 1108523271

• Subtraction
  • a = b + (-c)

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = sub i32 0, %1
%3 = add nsw i32 %0, %2

• r = rand (); a = b + r; a = a - c; a = a - r

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = add i32 %0, 1571022666
%3 = sub i32 %2, %1
%4 = sub nsw i32 %3, 1571022666

• r = rand (); a = b - r; a = a - c; a = a + r

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = sub i32 %0, 1057193181
%3 = sub i32 %2, %1
%4 = add nsw i32 %3, 1057193181

• AND
  • a = b & c => a = (b ^ ~c) & b

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = xor i32 %1, -1
%3 = xor i32 %0, %2
%4 = and i32 %3, %0

• OR
  • a = b | c => a = (b & c) | (b ^ c)

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = and i32 %0, %1
%3 = xor i32 %0, %1
%4 = or i32 %2, %3

• XOR
  • a = a ^ b => a = (~a & b) | (a & ~b)

%0 = load i32* %a, align 4
%1 = load i32* %b, align 4
%2 = xor i32 %0, -1
%3 = and i32 %1, %2
%4 = xor i32 %1, -1
%5 = and i32 %0, %4
%6 = or i32 %3, %5