People writing about homosexuality in the Arab world, seem to be purposefully using sources from older texts to mischaracterize Middle Eastern views. This is a great way to further push the idea that their ideologies are 'bad' and Western ideas are 'good'. It's all part of the propaganda the West pushes to convince Westerners that they are the most advanced part of the world in technology and ideology. I really like what the author said a few pages ago where he says that Westerners only looking at older texts for reference is like Arabs looking at books from the Medieval period and using that to judge the West. It is important to analyze modern texts and their full context to base an opinion. Even then, we may not fully understand another person's view on something because we have different cultures and beliefs.

This passage is powerful because it flips the script on what we usually assume about LGBTQ+ advocacy. Massad is suggesting that the Gay International doesn't just "liberate" pre-existing identities, it actually creates them through a specific Western framework. In doing so, it may erase or suppress other ways of expressing same-sex desire that don’t fit neatly into the labels “gay” or “lesbian.” What’s really compelling here is how he draws attention to the idea of sexual epistemology, the ways in which knowledge about sexuality is formed and structured. He challenges the idea that Western LGBTQ+ identities are natural or universal, and shows how these identities are tied to particular historical and cultural developments.

This passage stood out to me because it shows Massad's central idea. It shows that he is not part of the LGTBQ+ community and that anyone who is part of this community should not be a part of the Arab culture. It shows how the Arab culture in the western countries is very different than from the United States where everyone is felt included. It shows that in the United States is very different than Western countries by the United States being a mix of countries and western countries being predomintely Arab.

目前無法想像會有不計入金額的狀況 過往如有問題訂單，會在結算前完成取消或退貨，也有可能發生結算後才發生取消或退貨，但已經和團主結算，就不會再變動此團說好的分潤。

是否可將不計入直接發生在後台，有疑慮的訂單我們可以將訂單設定"排除分潤"，就不會出現在總業績&訂單&分潤中？

[資訊調整]

訂單數量(已付款)：123(100) 銷售總額 / 扣運銷售額：$10,000 / $9,000 收款總額 / 扣運收款額：$5,000 / 4,000 推薦連結： 點擊數：xxx

I think about this relationship on a daily basis. Everyday i encounter something on social media that makes me question this relationship, and majority of the time my reaction to what i am seeing is not real life.

I have always understood Taoism as letting things come to you rather than trying to chase them, in other words attract what is meant for you. This summary aligns well with my understanding and what i have learned about taoism.

Jackson flips the script entirely, offering a radical but necessary reframing. Her clarity on this point is refreshing—it removes blame from students and situates it where it belongs: in systemic design.

Mann was absolutely correct with this statement. In EDUC 126: Ethics and Education one of the questions we have been, and continue to be asked is "what makes you moral?" My genuine answer is always that if I can provide another living thing with assistance, peace, relief, relaxation, happiness, anything at all and it causes no harm to me or anyone else I AM GOING TO DO IT. That is what moral humans do and it feels like the most natural instinct to me besides being a mother. Of course, cultural background, and personal motivation play a part, but the rich creating an essential war on the poor so that they always stay above is inhumane and insanely immoral. Why would a person do that to another person?

The worship of local control disguises class and race protectionism.

To me this clarifies why educational equity work feels fragmented and exhausting. We don't lack values; we lack the political will to embody them when sacrifice is required. It left me asking: How do we close the action gap without moralizing the privileged into paralysis?

This is exactly what the moral paradox of public schooling is: our individual instincts sabotage our collective ideals. This tension complicates policymaking and exposes why real reform is so hard to achieve—it would require self-sacrifice from those already advantaged.

The American Dream is indeed a powerful concept, however, it is crucially important to note that this power comes from what it promises, not what it provides. This saying came to be because the job market in America is objectively better than the wars, drug cartels, murders, kidnappings, arranged marriages, etc... in certain third world countries. America could have had half of the jobs we can offer and still have framed it that way because it was the objective lesser of all evils. Yet, when a person of color immigrates to America to achieve this dream they are given the absolute bare minimum because we know it is still better than what they came from.

Is it a dream compared to where they came from? Sure. A dream in the climate of America, considering what its citizens are given (i.e. minimum wage, voting rights, citizen rights, better opportunities, etc...)? Not by a long shot. It is very unfortunate, but true, and it must be recognized.

HAAhaha

so well said!!! we mess up our own language as a disguise

agreed! also the inhumanity reeks off of those that believe and say that is insane... they don't appear harmless by using a lighter word, they seem ruthless to call something so agonizing, "education"

LOL

oh my god. I didn't even catch this myself until I reread it and saw what they were trying to do, it's so obviously subtle (?) that is quietly takes much blame off them because they are "also hurting too"

very true!!!!

Blabbing, he needs to cut the pomposity or he'll never make it to grad school (he tried to take the focus off of him and put it on anything else to avoid conflict)

HAHAHHA

LOL

seeing a common action of these people using the word "mistake" as synonymous to "death or misfortune of another"

This is so true in government, it is to try to make up for "mistakes" and to try and gain the public's support for future plans

juxtaposed - to put 2 things together to compare and contrast

I like the use of political history to explain these topics, it helps me better understand

Because, as mentioned in another chapter, there is nearly no excuse for death that will be acceptable to all, so people have to hide behind fluff words to soften the topic

It's important to, not only create a strong central claim to your writing, but also to prioritize the reader and how it will appeal to them.

even though the author speaks poorly of the pompous writing style, there are still parts of it that make sense and add to the essay and the reader's understanding of it.

tandem - two or more things arranged one behind the other, or working together

politicians may be the only group that use the pompous style of writing more than students because they NEED to hide their true meaning, and exploit peoples fear of seeming dumb in professional settings to say confusing stuff and get away with it

being concise in your writing isn't a bad thing, especially if it might look simpler and shorter than the nominalized version, the main objective is the reader's comprehension.

feels good to know this because sometimes the "pompous" way of writing is the only one that sounds ands feels right

I've become aware of this in my own writing and have tried to "simplify" my sentences, the pompous style is deeply rooted in my writing brain

there's no need to complicate your sentences too much since you want the reader to easily understand

agency - structure that helps writers better explain who did what

audience is very important because it can change the way you write/structure your essay

oohh I like these prompts to help with essay writing and clearness

Yes, this is why i always have either my friends or family review my work. After rereading my essay so many times, I lose concentration of what I'm really trying to say

Bryant is a very bizarre figure, her CBC obituary appears here:

I like how a newsletter can be such an important step in progressing towards inclusion, especially in a time where there was rarely any forms of resistance.

I feel like this question he posed, has the preconceived notion that drag was a recent discovery. Him going to drag shows to understand why it would be popular, makes me believe that his studies were never intended to pay respect to drag, but instead to solely study it.

"digital artifact"

I am curious about the use of the sqaure brackets here. Perhaps I have not read far enough and there will be an explanation?

Can you add in direct "figure one" "figure two" references with your prose here?

The Act Up Oral History Project can be accessed here

• You can access the entire In the Life Film Archive via UCLA

I found this article open access here: A Journey in Gender

"held at the" University of Victoria...

This is an interesting interpretation. Do you think that this was the cartoonists intention? Or is this a reflection that comes from looking at the cartoon from a greater distance in time and space?

I think this cartoon is of a very specific politician: https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/era/id/2020/ Norma Russell a South Carolina Senator that was opposed to the ERA on the grounds that her constituents were not in favour of the amendment.

This is very interesting and is a new concept which I have not heard of before. This does make sense though. Parents with more education have broader ranges in their language abilities (likely), and when they communicate with their children, this comes to light.

Assistance and knowledge from parents/guardians is crucial! Even though many students are self-informed, having extra support from parental figures can provide more clarity in next steps for students.

This is very interesting, but people's view of self-depression can rapidly change based on a sudden positive or negative event in their life.

Extracurricular activities are typically taken for granted by students. Furthermore, for many wealthy families, act as extra periods of time to be relieved of the duty of having to care for their child. In reality, there is much more to extracurriculars than just fun programs. Well-developed extracurriculars should be structured that continue to nurture the individual's personal growth.

This part of the article was definitely hard to read. When basic necessities are limited or unavailable, it detrimentally impacts families. Moreover, these insufficiencies are capable of ruining a child's quality of education and life.

I am very glad that this sentence was included as it rules out parental neglect as a source of these discrepancies. These underlines the fact that success in education of the child is heavily impacted by socio-economic class as opposed to confounding variables such as parental incompetence/disregard.

This is very interesting since there is little formal education prior to Kindergarten. These results, however, could possible be attributed to lack of resources that certain families have access to that implicitly affect child development. This could be access to auditory devices that could could play music or read stories, both of which can affect the language development of young children.

I recently watched Witches. "Witches are figures of solace in this intimate documentary, which unravels the social stigmas that women have endured across centuries. Between affecting interviews and vividly illustrative film clips, Elizabeth Sankey concocts a potion that brims with courage, compassion, and healing insight." I am interested in comparing the two.

I just thought this was a really good section of the quote.

I feel like this is so important to look at and research deeply on, because this kind of society is basically everywhere and many times unintentionally taught from a young age. Not only is the ideology of “purity” and “modesty” a principle for many women within religions, but it’s become a symbol, that when broken, brings shameful notions upon women, religious or not.

I have never thought of the Witch Trials as a colonial event. Just goes to show colonialism isn’t just acted upon people, yet their religion, culture and more. Also showing the propaganda that justifies colonialism. People justifying murdering thousands of women by propagating a false narrative that was so easily accepted.

I think we would be largely remiss if at the beginning of each statement surrounding multicultural education and the newfound data around income inequality for students that Black people will always be considered the lowest of the low. We are socially dead beings and our freedom from this necessitates the end of the world. Human equality will often not include Black bodies because we are not considered human by the standards of social life vs. social death. It is so crucial to make progress where we can, but we must acknowledge that this progress often does not include everybody.

https://www.americanyawp.com/reader/22-the-new-era/alain-locke-on-the-new-negro-1925/

Why weren’t stronger safety laws already in place before this tragedy? Did the government not have any rules to protect workers at all?

What governments? Which ones? Foreign or domestic?

A multicultural world is just the world. The title sounds like this is the first time the author is acknowledging this or they are White and word things with slight microagressions without noticing it, as White people do.

I find this is a really great place to note that as a Black woman who came from a very diverse, ethical, inclusive, multicultural focused, liberal arts high school, places that do perpetuate this contemporary focus are far and few in between and are very sheltered places. I often go into an AFAM class that teaches about all of these concepts on an insanely deep level and then I will go to work in UTC, a STEM side of campus, or just outside in Irvine at all and I come face to face with a great lack of this awareness on these topics, a lack of willingness to gain said awareness, blatant racism, and microagressions. For as much as we place ourselves in environments that place focus on this there are people who do the exact opposite and remain in conservative spaces rooted in inequality. It is becoming more mainstream as Gen Z becomes adults, but we are in a bubble and it does not surprise me how little progress we have made within society.

Suggests that Murdo’s parents may have faced similar fates to him, both living life in a bored, somnambulistic state. Could also suggest that death was viewed as desirable due to how dull life was for most of the villagers.

but fr tho surely that would make hardly any difference

Confirms the suspicion that the story is set in a coastal village, as compared to the countryside.

Shows the negative impact of living a life of pure conformity: Murdo is dissatisfied to the point of depression with his life and feels like it is hardly worth doing anything.

The door being painted red seems to have put Murdo into a state of extreme doubt, so much so that he has to check that he woke up in his own house and isn’t dreaming or something.

Evidently Murdo’s childhood was only made worse by his mediocrity and lack of talent, and overall he seems to have been extraordinarily unlucky, facing one issue after the next.

Here we see the extent to which Murdo was unfairly targeted in school, which is what has led him to be so afraid of standing out. Due to the mockery from the other kids, Murdo became more wary and afraid of negative interactions, leading him to life a dull life of conformity.

Suggests that he had a rather miserable and lonely childhood and struggled to make friends, perhaps due to his later-mentioned lisp, or due to some other disability.

Obviously Murdo has been shaped by his negative experiences, with the bullying he was subjected to in school forcing him to live the boring life he now does.

Reveals Murdo’s childlike and nostalgic side - he questions why, as an adult, he feels the need to fit in when he felt so much freer and happier as a kid.

Continuing with his poetic descriptions, Murdo appears to suddenly notice and describe his surroundings, which acts as a subtle transition into the character of Mary, who displays these same traits of intelligence and creativity.

This description of the time sounds rather poetic and intriguing, which hints at Murdo’s inner creative side and suggests that his door being painted red grants him an opportunity to live a new life.

The idea of an “unearthly glow” links back to the theme of the supernatural and suggests that something strange and otherworldly seems to be happening (i.e. the painting of the door).

This life seems to have led Murdo to feel somewhat discontented with his existence. He only does things because he feels he has to, and therefore doesn’t actually find much enjoyment.

It is strongly implied that Murdo does these things solely to fit in, and not because he actually wants to. The repetition of “as they did” suggests that most people tend to copy each others’ habits within the village and lack originality or expression.

Evidently Murdo sticks to all of the village’s rules and tries to conform to the others’ opinions as much as possible. The result of this is that he lives a boring life where he is unable to do anything “unusual,” which most likely means anything that he enjoys.

Murdo spends his entire life trying to fit in with the rest of the villagers, to the point that he feels trapped and unable to express himself.

This is a rather Scottish sounding breakfast, which provides another clue regarding the setting. The fact that it is “frugally prepared” suggests that Murdo is not particularly well off and that most of the villagers just about get by.

The comparison of the redness to the winter sun highlights how bold and bright it is, and how much it will stand out, although not necessarily in a bad way as sunlight tends to have positive connotations.

Emphasises the unusualness and uniqueness of the red door amongst the village which conforms to a fairly consistent colour scheme.

Despite the fact that somebody has vandalised his house, Murdo seems to accept/embrace it and is only confused as to how it happened and who could’ve done it.

This adds to the mystery, as not only is the door now red, but it appears to have been painted quite some time ago, yet he was out only the previous evening, so it must’ve been during the night.

The Halloween masks link to the idea of anonymity and concealment of oneself, similarly to how Murdo feels as if he needs to hide his true identity.

Suggests that although most of the village is full of discussion and gossip, Murdo tends to ignore all of it, which results in him being neither popular nor unpopular.

The listing of actions that he performs by himself and the repetition of “his own” highlights how solitary and lonely Murdo’s life is. He doesn’t appear overly upset by this, but it portrays his life as rather miserable.

TBH Krebs should've known better.

no need to polish assembly with higher accuracy illumina or PacBio?

But also said they had to provide enough time for due process.

This is a terrible timeline.

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I honestly had no idea about any of this. It seems convenient that they ended this policy AFTER the population was already 90% European.

What does this idea of the "Melting Pot" describe exactly?

This idea of Superman being a vigilante is reinforced in this article just as it was stated in source one. Growing up, I never really thought of Superman someone acting unlawfully. I would be interested to hear some specific examples that.

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L’étude de Kelley appuie l’idée d’une mutation cognitive : on retient moins, on accède plus.

Très pertinente, cette transition pose aussi la question de la fragilité cognitive induite par la dépendance aux outils externes.

Typologie illustrative des différents profils d’apprenants numériques.

Créatif et efficace pédagogiquement. Mais les profils restent caricaturaux et manquent d’analyse sur les logiques d’engagement profond ou stratégique.

Contexte légal (loi de 2019) favorisant les pratiques informelles et personnalisées.

Lien bienvenu entre politiques publiques et pratiques de terrain. Cela légitime l’orientation de l’article, mais aurait pu être développé davantage.

l'Étude (1996) mettant en évidence la prédominance de l’apprentissage informel.

Donnée frappante, mais qui peut dater un peu. L’article gagnerait à confronter ces chiffres avec des données actuelles.

Apprentissage par observation comme fondement des comportements auto-apprenants.

Utile pour éclairer les dynamiques d’apprentissage dans les communautés numériques. La notion de « modèle » devient plus fluide avec Internet : pair, influenceur, expert ?

Appui théorique, référence à l’andragogie, notion clé dans la formation adulte.

Très bonne ancre conceptuelle, utile pour replacer la pratique dans une perspective historique et académique. À approfondir pour situer les ruptures actuelles.

Il s'agit de donnée statistique issue de l’étude OpinionWay 2018 démontrant une augmentation du recours au numérique pour l’autoformation.

L’évolution chiffrée est parlante, mais aucune info sur la nature des usages (ponctuels ou réguliers, profonds ou superficiels), ce qui pourrait nuancer l’interprétation.

Ici l’auteur affirme d’entrée que le numérique transforme les modalités d’apprentissage.

Cette phrase introductive annonce un positionnement affirmatif, quasi-thèse. Elle mériterait d’être mise en perspective avec les types d’apprentissage traditionnels et leur complémentarité.

The section examines how emotion such as melancholy may grow into something far more serious. The opening statement, "I look at myself," implies that the speaker is contemplating their own emotions or is having difficulty becoming self-aware. They then change their attention to "I watch my brothers," probably feeling cut off from the people around them. The writer then shows extreme sadness when he adds, "I shed teads of sorrow" (perhaps intended to be "tears"). The word "shed" implies that the melancholy is uncontrollable and occurs organically. But instead of remaining depressed, this feeling transforms into something more dangerous. The speaker's melancholy has transformed into rage, as seen by the words "I sow seeds of hate." The expression "sow seeds" suggests that they are allowing their hatred to spread and become ingrained, which may cause damage to others. In the end, this text shows how personal sorrow can shift into negativity if not dealt with. The speaker moves from reflecting on their own sadness to feeling disconnected from others, and finally to letting their pain fuel anger and hate. It’s a reminder that unprocessed emotions can lead to harmful behaviors and attitudes, affecting both the person feeling them and the people around them. This line was eye opening.

A cada 5 anos o IBGE deve realizar pesquisa para identificar o percentual de ocupação, no setor público, de segmentos étnicos e raciais.

I'm interested in knowing how more recent studies related to learning styles influences the validity of VARK.

Who first came up with the national campaign?

Once April comes, I always think it's going to be warm out but then there's those random days and it snows in April and it's just cold outside, but I know summer will be close.

Is this accurate?

what makes this study different

Who?

Generate one English language annotation for a provided text passage, using a simple annotation mode.

On a Friday afternoon, the school board and the teachers’ union reached an agreement, and students were told to return to school on Monday. [Resolution of conflict: End of strike/dispute] Two weeks of uncertainty, duality, and opposition had come to an end. [Duration of conflict] Some positions and relations had become hardened in the meantime—between the school board and the schools, the teachers and families, and the community among one another. [Consequences of conflict: Strained relationships] Remarks and political theater about who “won” and “lost,” who was “right” and “wrong,” were already circulating in the news, on social media, and among neighbors. [Post-conflict rhetoric and division]

Binaries again. [Observation: Reinforcement of opposing viewpoints]

But also, some unstuckness. [Observation: Potential for positive change]

A few days before the agreement was announced, the parent-teacher organizations of two schools extended an open invitation to community members to be in relation together in a public space. Approximately fifty families attended. [Positive community initiative: Dialogue and collaboration] This “invitation for dialogue” between families, parents who were teachers, parents who were school board members, and city councilors—some of whom were also parents in the school system—came to matter as it created the conditions for unpredictable newness and difference to emerge in a way that finally began to usher in hope. [Impact of initiative: Building bridges and fostering hope]

A children’s book can also be that invitational vibrant matter that brings people together and creates the conditions to be outside of some of the expired, stuck stories. [Metaphor: Children's books as agents of positive change] Children’s books can indeed be mirrors, windows, and sliding glass doors for readers, and they are also powerful agents in themselves, affecting space, a moment in time, and a community in visceral ways to become something different and new. [Concluding statement: The transformative power of children's literature]

This text describes a teacher's journey of professional development, highlighting the challenges of finding inspiring and accessible professional development opportunities. The narrative focuses on the transformative impact of a simple online search for "free PD for English teachers," which ultimately changed the teacher's life. The text contrasts the initial frustration with uninspiring professional development with the subsequent excitement and renewed sense of purpose.

Last year in seventh grade, I was in a new kind of class. [Annotation 1: Introduction of a new and transformative learning experience.] Instead of focusing on purely reading, writing, and doing tests where you sit down and write, it was interdisciplinary (we combined English, social studies, and science) and focused on community, giving freedom, and exploring new ways to prove knowledge. [Annotation 2: Highlights the interdisciplinary nature and focus on community, freedom, and alternative assessment methods.] The first time I walked in, I was very nervous. I didn’t know what to expect. Like I said, it was all new to me. The first few days were miserable. [Annotation 3: Initial nervousness and negative experience.] We had to do this thing called a “walk and talk.” A walk and talk involved walking somewhere—in our case around a track— with someone you either are completely unfamiliar with or someone you don’t know that well. To this day you still couldn’t pay me to do another one, although I appreciate the desire for us all to get to know each other. [Annotation 4: Description of "walk and talk" activity and mixed feelings about it.] We were still learning to adjust to our new environment, and suddenly we were being told that we had to go and have conversations with each other when some of the people in our class barely knew each other at that point. But this experience was a preview for what was to come. [Annotation 5: Connects the initial discomfort to the overall learning approach.] In our new class, we rarely ever just sat down and listened to someone talk. We spent most of our time doing hands-on activities; we did a lot of group work, too, and it made me actually enjoy school. [Annotation 6: Positive shift towards hands-on activities and group work, leading to enjoyment of school.]

founder of NAACP

the early protests were successful and they brought ideas that would later be used in protests like sit-ins, boycotts, and mass street demos

Addressing student behavior is so much more effective when done privately. You allow the student to save face, and it really preserves the relationship between the student and teacher.

This is a very important thing to note. Is this due to lack of funding? Additionally, not only is there a need for academic counselors, but there is a more dire need for well-trained, empathetic counselors who can do their students justice.

GPA is such an interesting thing. It is used as a way to provide a numerical value for the entire duration of course education in a school. GPA, in my opinion, should be re-evaluted since it fails to look at external factors in a student's circumstance.

This is super important observation. In many primary and secondary schools. the motivation of students plays a large role in their performance and academic placing. Is performance directly affected by the capital one holds in economic, social, and cultural classes? Or this a problem with the school structure itself? Or is it that students feel like the work needed from them is way too much just to get into a decent college? There is much more at play than background!

I have mixed opinions on the discussion about foreign language. In many middle schools, such as the one I attended, foreign language is not a priority or even taught. Now this may be also a case of educational discrepancies, but this seems to be more and more common in the modern day. Hence, many people in high schools enrolled in higher level foreign language are those who are advanced in the language.

School ranking should be taken with a grain of salt. Many of these ranking are based on factors that tend to isolate disparities, leaving them for families to find out about themselves. BHS is likely high ranking due to its proximity to UC Berkeley, its location, and results of the top portion of students.

This text shows that economic, social, and cultural capital is proportionate to privilege and potential for success. What is saddening is that the majority of the time, an individual does not have the capacity to change their capital in one, let alone all three strands.

This is a very disheartening example of just how racial prejudice can lead to discrepancies within the education system. A counselor should have the knowledge of class progression and be able to advise students into a more suitable path. If a counselor has concerns, then they should ask the student to explain their mindset of there confidence in a certain area rather than playing into their misinformation.

I like how the author decided to dissect different areas that are targeted into three areas: economic, social, and cultural. It is possible for a student to be targeted for one of the three, but if a students falls into the arbitrary categories that are man-made, the more divide in performance will be seen.

Looking at the phrasing of the questions by the interviewer to both students, the question asked to Chantelle (later in the article explained to be a poor African American student) is much more interrogative and harsh than what was asked Jennifer (an affluent White student). This is another very common theme seen all throughout media. There is a tendency for interviewers to berate or scrutinize individuals with "poorer" circumstances than those with more money or power.

This sentence suggests that socio-economic class plays a large role in school inequalities, and this is very true. However, this is not always the case. In some schools, affluent students may feel less motivated to do well, whereas lower income students may persevere more with their current state as a motivation factor to succeed. This is important to take into mind to further investigate why the students at BHS tend to tip the scale one way over the other.

As we learned in the previous article we read, many of these structures are determined by individual school districts. Although there are some state regulations which are followed, districts orchestrate the majority of the "structures". Something brought up which I also find super important is teacher assignment. The quality of teachers and the qualities they possess directly impact the productivity and results of the students in the class!

goal of civil rights activists

She just visited her dying husband in the hospital, and she's heading back to Virginia. When she got on the bus to go home, white college students sat in the "colored" designated seats so she sat in a white only seat in the front. She refused to get up when demanded to but no one forced her off the bus.

This Wikipedia article on complex numbers not only introduces the basic definition of complex numbers, but also explains in detail how complex numbers are represented in polar coordinates, such as how to represent complex numbers in terms of modulus length and amplitude. In addition to its applications in mathematics, it also mentions that complex numbers have a wide range of applications in several fields such as circuit analysis, quantum mechanics, and signal processing.

MIDI was used here to talk about abstraction of sound as notes, but i wonder if there could be other non-bitmap formats to represent sound, like notating the shape of the waves via mathematical equations. what would this sound like?

I found it interesting how Elon Musk's skepticism about Twitter's claim that spam bots account for fewer than 5% of users created major tension in his bid to take over the company. I understand Musk's concern, since artificially padded user numbers by bots could have a dramatic impact on the platform's true value and advertising potential. This piece made me realize how vital transparency and honest data reporting are in billion dollar tech transactions.

One source that stood out was [d28] Anna Lauren Hoffmann's article, "Data Violence and How Bad Engineering Choices Can Damage Society". Hoffmann highlights how seemingly neutral data systems, such as forms, algorithms, and digital tools, can cause significant harm by silencing or misrepresenting marginalized identities. She provides an impactful example regarding gender selection options on digital forms, which fail to account for non-binary individuals by offering binary male/female choices as options, effectively erasing their identities in data collection processes. This links back to a central theme of this chapter, which is that all data is an oversimplification of reality and that these simplifications may not always be benign. It prompted me to reconsider my ethical responsibilities as an engineer and designer and consider who may have been left out or misrepresented within this system. Furthermore, this source broadened my understanding that data and design decisions don't just impact technology; they have deep ramifications for society as a whole.

I read the NPR article about bots on Twitter, and honestly I wasn’t too surprised that so many accounts aren’t real. I’ve noticed weird replies and fake-looking profiles before, but I didn’t realize how hard it is to actually tell what’s real anymore. It’s kind of frustrating, especially when people use Twitter to get news or serious info. Makes me think twice about trusting things I see online, even if the account looks “official.”

Floating point is a topic that i have always found confusing. But this article did a really good job of simplifying the concept and showing great examples.

voluntourism = volunteering + tourism

I have never heard of this word combination, but I am familiar with the actions the Kinder World articles describe. I have seen on social medias posts of individuals going to volunteer and posting about how they made a great impact. The issue, that I especially find interesting with the rise of generative image AI is that these images, if the user allows permissions, can be used as training data and then the perspective of a place or country can be skewed to seem like they all match that of a selfie someone took on a voluntourism trip.

The point that Elon Musk made to back up his concerns with buying twitter was the amount of bots on the platform which reminds me of chapter 3 that we went over on monday. He originally was buying the platform with the assumption that the majority of users are humans so I can understand why he took a step back when finding out about how many bots there are, especially when its billions of dollars on the line.

I think it's kinda funny that Elon Musk wants to debate the issue of how many bots are on Twitter. However I do think it's a useful issue to discuss and address. I also think bots are complicated to classify as some may be more manipulated by humans and others not as much. Its also dependent on how much of an impact they have. If it's positive, then keep it. If it's negative, remove it. Elon Musk seems to think all bots are bad?

This article is a hilarious satirical piece that mocks many individuals who go on mission trips to countries they believe are third world to help under privileged children. This article makes fun of the fact that these individuals often snap pictures with these kids and post it on their social medias to gain clout and praise from others, without asking or caring for the consent of the kids that are in the photos - in turn indirectly stating that their feelings don't matter in the face of her own image.

This post is about a person in the LGBTQ community expressing their discern on the gender options for forms which includes cis-gender identities as female, male along with unknown, N/A, and Tax Entity. This suggests that there exclusion of the other identities that exist in the queer community and are forced to be put into a category as either unknown or N/A, showcasing the lack of diversity and inclusion of identities that exist. To add, the “Tax Entity” identification suggests almost an objectification of those outside of cis-gender identities and I find that quite off putting.

在时空数据库的背景下，时空依赖的函数（Spatio-Temporal Functional Dependency, STFD） 是一种描述数据中时空属性之间关系的数学工具。它扩展了传统数据库中的函数依赖（Functional Dependency, FD）概念，将时间和空间维度同时纳入考虑，用于刻画数据在时空变化中的规律性。以下是对其核心概念和意义的详细解释：

1. 时空依赖的函数的基本定义

在传统数据库中，函数依赖 \( X \rightarrow Y \) 表示属性集 \( X \) 的值唯一确定属性集 \( Y \) 的值。而在时空数据库中，时空函数依赖需要同时考虑时间（T）和空间（S）的维度。例如： - 时空函数依赖 \( X \rightarrow Y \) 可能表示：在某一时刻 \( t \) 和某一空间位置 \( s \)，属性 \( X \) 的值唯一决定属性 \( Y \) 的值。 - 更严格的定义可能涉及时空键（Spatio-Temporal Key）或时空码（Spatio-Temporal Code），即一组属性（包括时间、空间和其他属性）能够唯一标识一条时空记录。

2. 时空依赖的函数的特点

(1) 多维性

时空依赖同时考虑时间、空间和属性的关联，例如： - 示例：在物流系统中，一辆货车的实时位置（空间坐标）和时间戳（时间）共同决定了其行驶状态（如速度、货物状态）。 - 数学表达：可能表示为 \( (T, S) \rightarrow A \)，其中 \( T \) 是时间，\( S \) 是空间坐标，\( A \) 是其他属性（如温度、速度）。

(2) 动态性

时空数据是动态变化的，因此函数依赖可能随时间或空间的变化而变化： - 示例：某地区的气温（属性 \( A \)）在不同时间（\( T \)）和不同地理位置（\( S \)）下可能有不同的依赖关系。例如，\( (T, S) \rightarrow A \) 表示气温由时间和空间唯一决定。

(3) 约束冗余

时空函数依赖用于减少数据冗余和保持数据一致性。例如： - 如果 \( (T, S) \rightarrow A \) 成立，则在任何时刻 \( t \) 和位置 \( s \)，属性 \( A \) 的值必须唯一，避免重复或矛盾的数据记录。

3. 时空依赖的函数在数据库规范化中的作用

时空数据库的规范化（如时空一范式、二范式等）依赖于时空函数依赖的分析，以消除冗余并确保数据完整性。例如： - 时空一范式（ST-1NF）：要求所有时空数据以原子形式存储，消除嵌套或重复的时空记录。 - 时空二范式（ST-2NF）：在满足 ST-1NF 的基础上，确保不存在非主属性对时空键的部分依赖。 - 时空三范式（ST-3NF）：进一步消除非主属性之间的传递依赖，例如 \( T \rightarrow S \)，而 \( S \rightarrow A \)，则 \( T \rightarrow A \) 可能形成传递依赖，需通过范式化处理。

4. 时空依赖的函数的应用场景

(1) 物流与交通管理

• 示例：追踪货车的实时位置（空间）和时间，确保每辆车的行驶路径（属性）由时空键唯一确定。
• 依赖关系：\( (T, 车辆ID) \rightarrow 路径 \)，表示同一时间、同一车辆的路径唯一。

2) 环境监测

• 示例：大气污染传感器的监测数据（如PM2.5浓度）需记录时间、地理位置，且浓度值由时空键唯一决定： [ (T, 经度, 纬度) \rightarrow PM2.5 ]

(3) 社交媒体与位置服务

• 示例：用户的位置（空间）和时间戳（时间）共同决定其活动状态（如签到地点、动态内容）。

5. 时空依赖与传统函数依赖的区别

| 特性 | 传统函数依赖（FD） | 时空函数依赖（STFD） | |-------------------|---------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| | 维度 | 仅涉及属性间的依赖 | 同时涉及时间、空间和属性的依赖 | | 动态性 | 静态关系，不随时间变化 | 动态关系，可能随时间或空间变化 | | 冗余控制 | 通过消除属性冗余减少数据重复 | 通过时空键控制时空维度的冗余 | | 规范化目标 | 优化关系数据库的结构 | 优化时空数据的存储与查询效率 |

6. 时空依赖的函数的挑战

1. 复杂性：时空数据的高维性增加了依赖关系的分析难度。
2. 动态维护：时空数据随时间变化，依赖关系可能需要动态更新。
3. 存储与查询效率：时空函数依赖需平衡数据冗余与查询性能，例如索引设计需同时考虑时空维度。

总结

时空依赖的函数是时空数据库中用于描述数据在时空维度上规律性的重要工具。它通过时空键和函数依赖规则，帮助设计高效、一致的时空数据模型，减少冗余，并支持复杂时空查询（如轨迹分析、时空模式挖掘）。其核心在于将时间、空间与属性的关联纳入统一框架，为处理动态变化的地理信息、物流轨迹、环境监测等场景提供了理论基础。

This example gives me a good idea of what metadata is. I realized that I had been in a similar situation before when working with photo files. When I organize travel photos, the image is the primary data, and the time, location, and camera model are the metadata. I never realized this was metadata before, but it's actually very useful for categorizing and remembering things.

It's interesting to learn about this subcategory of data since I'm exposed to it on the daily on things such as instagram but I didn't know that it was named this. I think another example of this for instagram specifically would be the analytics that you can see when you post.

Not to make any gender assumptions- but the table doesn't tell me gender, I would have to research each case to find a definitive answer. But just a guess there seems to be about 12 women here.

Very important to my topic. False confessions in a time of high stress and just losing your child.

A huge and extremely unfortunate issue in our justice system.

Great statistic here.

Ive never heard of this, I just looked into it. This is referring to Louise Woodward, a nanny who was sentenced to 15 years for second degree murder. They later brought the charges down to manslaughter due to her defense showing that it was from a prior injury.

another compelling finding

WOW, Id like to find out how many were mothers.

Great Keyword Ideas to place in the natural search bar on databases.

All good things to remember and come back to!

What impressed me about this passage was how it reformulates the idea of ethical decision-making as a type of mathematics. I had not previously thought of morality being approached like a math problem, where you are attempting to foresee and quantify all the potential happiness or wellbeing that could arise from different actions. I also liked how the passage clarified that "utility" here does not merely mean usefulness, but a synthesis of happiness and wellbeing. That helped me better visualize utilitarianism as a practical approach to ethics. It led me to think about how often we inadvertently do utility calculus in everyday choices.

Even though social media is used by a diverse population of people who have independent biases, perspectives, and beliefs, the biases ingrained in the systems are the ones of who developed the technology. The same goes for bots, the biases are based on what the developer thought vital to add as gaining utility, but the perspectives vary person to person leading to biased and ignorant interactions.

The original chapter structure included only two main sections and covered a great deal of content. This revised chapter structure breaks content into multiple sections based on topic. The author ensures they are of equal size, giving more detail and analysis for different aspects of crisis response. This choice meets our Learner Focus and Accessibility criteria for success: * Chapter is well organized and reads as a unified text. * Chapter uses consistent headings, in order, that break up the content into a predictable cadence. * Total chapter engagement is scoped to 10,000 words, or no more than 90 minutes of total engagement (approximately 72 minutes of reading time + 18 minutes of required multimedia).

Age could be limited to just integers from 1-100. Name would and address could be given a string so that the user could write anything? As there could be too many names and addresses to give a default number of options. However, relationship status would be good to have that default set number of string options. I think it is interesting to see how sruvey formulation influences the type of data we collect, and how thet changes our outcomes.

this shows audience, purpose, and cultural context.

This would be historical significance

These serve as artifacts. Their purpose as propaganda, while asking questions about how they influenced colonial sentiments and resistance.

This was the main argument about the presented regarding colonial resistance to taxation.

One aspect of this chapter that struck a chord was its statement, "All data is a simplification of reality." This reminded me how often we treat numbers, particularly numerical data, as objective truths when they reflect personal choices, assumptions, and definitions. As evidenced in the debate surrounding Twitter bots, even one percent can be interpreted and calculated in multiple ways depending on who defines who qualifies as "user" or "bot." I found it fascinating how invisible simplifications often define our world; for instance, GPA or test scores represent student performance without providing a fuller picture. I find this concept essential for comprehending data ethics, mainly when used to make decisions that impact people's lives. Furthermore, it makes me question how often we accept simplified data at face value without asking ourselves the following question: What information am I leaving out?

This section made me realize how often we oversimplify complex real-life situations just to make data easier to handle. For example, the question “What country are you from?” really resonated with me. I’m from Shenzhen, China, but I’ve also spent time living in different places, and sometimes it feels hard to give a single answer. Are we talking about where I was born, where I grew up, or where I currently live? Real life is more complicated than what a data form can capture.

reminds me of how i occasionally see that a file was "edited tomorrow" due to misconfigured time settings (though with interpretation of tine zones, i could imagine how this could be a feature!)

This made me realize just how much of the information on how peripherals is abstracted away from the user. Whenever i use my phone for music i never had to think about how exactly are the speakers creating the sound. Reading this now i understand how apps like spotify are storing the songs and how they are translated to actual sound through the speakers.

Welcome back and in this lesson I want to quickly touch on a feature of S3 known as S3 Request to Pays. Now it will be far easier to show you visually rather than talk about it so let's jump into an architecture visual and get started. Now to illustrate how this works I want to step through a scenario. Let's call it the tail of two buckets. We have a normal bucket and a request to pays bucket. Now the normal bucket belongs to Julie and the request to pays bucket belongs to Mike. Julie and Mike are both intending to host large data sets of animal pictures for some machine learning projects and so they upload data into their S3 buckets. Now regardless of whether this is a normal bucket or a request to pays bucket both Mike and Julie would be responsible for any cost of this activity but as transfer into S3 is free of charge neither Mike or Julie are charged anything for this activity by AWS. Now they are both storing large amounts of data in their buckets at this point and so both of them receive a GB per month charge for data storage within their buckets but S3 is pretty economical and so this isn't a huge charge even for large quantities of data. Now this is where things change this is where Julie becomes less happy and Mike can relax. Mike has changed a bucket setting for request to pays and he's changed the value from owner to requester. Now this is a per bucket setting and enabling this option means that Mike now has a number of considerations. The main one being that he's now limited to not using static website hosting and bit torrent because to achieve the benefit of request to pays he needs authenticated identities to use the bucket and with bit torrent and static website hosting people accessing the bucket and not using any form of authentication. Now let's assume at this point that for both Mike and Julie the animal data set is really popular and so it's used by lots of people. Now in Julie's case this might be a problem for every session accessing the data there's going to be a small charge. Individually this might not seem like a big problem in this case it's for accesses but what about 400 or 400 million each session might only have a tiny charge but because the owner pays for this bucket Julie is responsible for the data transfer charges out of AWS and for popular data sets with lots of data and many users this charge can be significant especially for smaller businesses or those using personal AWS accounts. Now Mike has chosen request to pays and so he doesn't have this problem. Any sessions downloading data from Mike's bucket need to be authenticated for this to work. Unauthenticated access is not supported and the reason for this is because AWS allocate those costs to the identities making the request so each of the users will be allocated the costs for their individual session their download at this data set. The result individual users might be slightly less happy but Mike will have zero download costs. Now two things are needed to ensure that this works. The first is that the users downloading need to be authenticated users and second the identities downloading the data need to supply the x-amz-request-payer header to confirm the payment responsibility so you need to access objects in this bucket and as part of the request you need to include this header and if you do it means you will be charged via your identity inside your AWS account rather than the bucket owner having to pay all of those transfer charges and that's at the high level is how S3 request a pays works and this is a feature that you're going to need to understand for the exam. It's relatively simple it essentially just shifts the responsibility for paying for the data transfer charges out of AWS and any object access through to the person making that request rather than this being the responsibility of the bucket owner. Now that's everything that I wanted to cover in this lesson it's been relatively brief but I just wanted to visually cover this architecture. At this point though go ahead and complete this video and when you're ready I look forward to you joining me in the next.

Welcome back and in this lesson I want to cover S3 object storage classes. Now this is something which is equally as important at the associate and the professional level. You need to understand the costs relative to each other, the technical features and compromises, as well as the types of situations where you would and wouldn't use each of the storage classes. Now we've got a lot to cover so let's jump in and get started.

The default storage class available within S3 is known as S3 Standard. So with S3 Standard when Bob stores his cat pictures on S3 using the S3 API, the objects are stored across at least three availability zones. And this level of replication means that S3 Standard is able to cope with multiple availability zone failure while still safeguarding data. So start with this as a foundation when comparing other storage classes because this is a massively important part of the choice between different S3 storage classes.

Now this level of replication means that S3 Standard provides 11 nines of durability and this means if you store 10 million objects within an S3 bucket, then on average you might lose one object every 10,000 years. The replication uses MD5 checksums together with cyclic redundancy checks known as CRCs to detect and resolve any data issues. Now when objects which are uploaded to S3 have been stored durably, S3 responds with a HTTP 1.1 200 OK status. This is important to remember for the exam if you see this status, if S3 responds with a 200 code then you know that your data has been stored durably within the product.

With S3 Standard there are a number of components to how you'll build for the product. You'll build a gigabyte per month fee for data stored within S3, a dollar per gigabyte charge for transfer of data out of S3 and transfer into S3 is free and then finally you have a price per 1,000 requests made to the product. There are no specific retrieval fees, no minimum duration for objects stored and no minimum object sizes. Now this isn't true for the other storage classes so this is something to focus on as a solutions architect and in the exam.

With S3 Standard you aren't penalized in any way. You don't get any discounts but it's the most balanced class of storage when you look at the dollar cost versus the features and compromises. Now S3 Standard makes data accessible immediately. It has a first byte latency of milliseconds and this means that when data is requested it's available within milliseconds and objects can be made publicly available. This is either using S3 permissions or if you enable static website hosting and make all of the contents of the bucket available to the public internet. If you're doing that then S3 Standard supports both of these access architectures.

So for the exam the critical point to remember is that S3 Standard should be used for frequently accessed data which is important and non-replaceable. It should be your default and you should only investigate moving to other storage classes when you have a specific reason to do so.

Now let's move on and look at another storage class available within S3 and the next class I want to cover is S3 Standard in frequent access known as S3 Standard - IA. So Standard in frequent access shares most of the architecture and characteristics of S3 Standard. Data is still replicated over at least three availability zones in the region. The durability is the same, the availability is the same, the first byte latency is the same and objects can still be made publicly available.

You also have the same basic cost model starting with a storage cost but the storage costs for this class are much cheaper than S3 Standard about half at the price at the time of creating this lesson. So it's much more cost effective to store data using Standard in frequent access. You also have a per request charge and a data transfer out cost which is the same as S3 Standard and like other AWS services, data transfer in is free of charge.

So this reduction in storage cost is a substantial benefit to using in frequent access but in exchange for this benefit there are some compromises which are made. First, Standard in frequent access has a new cost component which is a retrieval fee. For every gigabyte of data retrieved from the product where the objects are stored using this storage class, there is a cost to retrieve that data and that's in addition to the transfer fee. So while the costs of storage for this class are much less than S3 Standard, that cost efficacy is reduced the more that you access the data which is why this class is designed for infrequently accessed data.

Now additionally, there is a minimum duration charge for objects using this class. However long you store objects, you'll build for a minimum duration of 30 days and however small the objects that you store within this class, you'll build a minimum of 128 kb in size per object. So this class is cost effective for data as long as you don't access the data very often or you don't need to store it short term or you don't need to store lots of tiny objects.

For the exam remember this, S3 Standard in frequent access should be used for long lived data which is important or irreplaceable but where data access is infrequent. Don't use it for lots of small files, don't use it for temporary data, don't use it for data which is constantly accessed and don't use it for data which isn't important or which can be easily replaced because there's a better cheaper option for that and that's what we're going to be covering next.

The next storage class which I want to talk about is S3 One Zone Infrequent Access and this is similar to Standard Infrequent Access in many ways. The starting point is that it's cheaper than S3 Standard or S3 Infrequent Access and there is a significant compromise for that cost reduction which I'll talk about soon.

Now this storage class shares many of the minimums and other considerations as S3 Infrequent Access. There's still the retrieval fee, there's still the minimum 30 day build storage duration and there's still the 128kb minimum capacity charge per object.

The big difference between S3 Infrequent Access and One Zone Infrequent Access and you can probably guess this from the name is that data stored using this class is only stored in one availability zone within the region so it doesn't have the replication across those additional availability zones. So you get cheaper access to storage but you take on additional risk of data loss if the AZ that the data is stored in fails.

Now oddly enough you do get the same level of durability so 11 nines of durability but that's assuming that the availability zone that your data is stored in doesn't fail during that time period. Data is still replicated within the availability zone so you have multiple copies of the data but only crucially within one availability zone.

Now for the exam this storage class should be used for long lived data because you still have the size and duration minimums. It should be used for data which is infrequently accessed because you still have the retrieval fee and and this is specific to this class for data which is non-critical or data which can be easily replaced. So this means things like replica copies so if you're using same or cross region replication then you can use this class for your replicated copy or if you're generating intermediate data that you can afford to lose then this storage class offers great value.

Don't use this for your only copy of data because it's too risky. Don't use this for critical data because it's also too risky. Don't use this for data which is frequently accessed, frequently changed or temporary data because you'll be penalized by the duration and size minimums that this storage class is affected by.

Okay so this is the end of part one of this lesson. It was getting a little bit on the long side and I wanted to give you the opportunity to take a small break. Maybe stretch your legs or make a coffee. Now part two will continue immediately from this point so go ahead complete this video and when you're ready I look forward to you joining me in part two.

Welcome back and in this lesson I want to talk about a web security feature which is used within various AWS products called Cross Origin Resource Sharing, otherwise known as Cores. Now this is critical to understand if you're an architect, developer or engineer working in the AWS space. So let's quickly jump in and get started. So what is Cores? Well let's start with this. It's the Categorum application with added dogos running in a browser on a mobile phone and I want to introduce the concept of an origin. So when we open the web browser on the phone and browse to Categorum.io this is the origin. The site you visit that's what your first origin is. The browser establishes this first origin when you make the initial connection so the site that you visit in this case Categorum.io is the origin. So the browser in this case is going to make some web calls to Categorum.io which in this example is an S3 bucket and the request is for index.hgml, servlist.js and Categorum.png. Now the requests get returned without any security issues and this is because this is called a same origin request. What's actually just happened, the architecture of this communication is that the browser initially gets the index.hgml web page and this index.hgml has references to the servlist.js file and the Categorum.png file. Now these are all on the same domain so even though the index.hgml file is calling to this S3 bucket the same domain is used the same origin as the original one and because of this it's called a same origin request and this is always allowed. This always happens the first time you make every request to a website. When you open netflix.com or your browse to this very training website you're making that initial origin request and the index.hgml document or whichever is the default root object is going to reference lots of different files and they could be on the same domain or alternatively as I'm about to talk about in a second they could be on different domains. Now to load this application we need to make some additional calls. First an API call is made to an API gateway to get additional application information and pull some image metadata that the users of the application have access to and then based on this API response an image casperandpixel.png is loaded from yet another bucket. Now both of these are known as cross origin requests because they're made to different domains different origins. One is categorum-img.io and the other is an aws domain for API gateway. Now by default cross origin requests are normally restricted they aren't always going to work but this can be influenced by using a course configuration. Course configurations are defined on the other origins in this case the categorum-img.io bucket and the API gateway and if defined these resources will provide directives to allow these cross origin requests so resources can define which origins they allow requests from. Now your original origin always allows connections to it because it's the original origin it's the first origin that your request is going to but if the original request that you make to the original origin downloads a HTML file and if that references any content on any other requests these are known as cross origin requests and those other origins need to approve these cross origin requests so in this example we would need course configurations on the images bucket in the middle and the API gateway on the bottom otherwise we would experience security alerts and potentially application failures so this is the same architecture and what we would need is a course configuration this is defined in this case in JSON and aws now requires course configurations on s3 buckets to be defined using JSON but historically this could use XML. Now we have two statements in this course configuration the bottom one means that the bucket will accept requests from any origin as long as it's using a get method the star is a wild card meaning all origins the part at the top allows put post and delete methods from the Categoram.io domain now course configurations are processed in order and the first matching rule is used now this configuration would allow our application to access the Categoram-img.io origin as a cross origin request because we've added it within this course configuration any application which uses services on different domains is going to require a course configuration to operate correctly and as you'll see with the pet cuddle atron service application advanced demo which will use elsewhere in the course this is required specifically on the API gateway because this is used as part of the application now there are two different types of requests which will be making to a resource which will require a course configuration the first type is simple requests and I've included a link attached to this lesson which details exactly what constitutes a simple request now with the simple type of request you can go ahead and directly access a different origin using a cross origin request and you don't need to do anything special essentially as long as the other origin is configured to allow requests from the original origin then it will work the other type of request that you can make is what's known as a pre-flighted request now if it's more complicated than a simple request you need to perform what's known as a pre-flight and this is essentially a check which you will do in advance to the other origin so the cross origin request the origin that that request is going to you'll need to perform a pre-flight this is essentially where your browser first sends a HTTP request to the other origin and it will determine if the request that you're actually making is safe to send so essentially in certain situations you need to do what's called a pre-flight and you need to do a pre-flighted request for anything that's more complicated than a simple request and again I've included the link attached to this lesson which gives you all of the detail you won't need to know this for any of the exams but I want to give you that background knowledge now there are a number of components which will be part of a course configuration and be part of the response that the other origin sends to your web browser the first of these is access -control -allow -origin and this will either contain the star which is a wild card or it will contain a particular origin which is allowed to make requests then we have access -control -max -age and this header indicates how long the results of a pre-flight request can be cached for example if you do a pre-flight request this determines how long after that you're able to communicate with the other origin before you need to do another pre-flight then we have access -control -allow -methods and this is either a wild card or a list of methods that can be used for cross origin requests and examples of these might be get put and delete or any other valid methods next we have access -control -allow - headers and this can be contained in a course configuration and within the response to a pre-flight request and this is used to indicate which HTTP headers can be used within the actual request so for the exams you need to have an awareness of all of these different elements of a course configuration and these things which can be included in responses to pre-flight checks these are all important and you need to understand what each of them does so I'm just covering these at a high level because for the exams you just need that basic awareness but the link which I've included in this lesson contains much more information now at a high level essentially when a web browser accesses any web application this defines the original origin the Categorum.io origin in this example this is defined as the original so if you make any request to that same origin it's a same origin request and by default that's allowed if you make any requests which are cross origin requests so they're going to different domains different origins then you need to keep in mind that you will require some form of course configuration and you will see this in the advanced demo which is the pet codelotron demo which you'll be doing elsewhere in the course but at this point that's all you need to cover for the exam so go ahead and complete this lesson and when you're ready I'll look forward to you joining me in the next.

As a designer myself, I spend a lot of time thinking about how the data should inputted into the system. For example, for our capstone project we're trying to create a psoriasis web application that essentially tracks certain aspects that may affect psoriasis symptoms. One of them tracks period phase. Some of our customers may be menopausal. I think that's why it's important to have different people with different backgrounds to fill in the gaps/potential user issues.

It's surprising to me that companies would be so incoherent when it comes to NECESSARY forms that one must fill out to use their services. It would honestly be better PR for them to just put male and female rather than additional options that are completely irrelevant or insensitive, such as "unknown" or "tax entity". I wonder how their websites sort this data and how this information better helps them assist users (in my head it likely changes nothing besides serving as a general demographic poll).

On s'aperçoit ici que l'auteur s'adresse aux usagers des sites de rencontre via le journaliste. Son article résonne comme une mise en garde contre l'appauvrissement relationnel des sites de rencontre.

When done correctly and with intention

eLife Assessment

Shihabeddin et al utilized single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of adult P23H zebrafish animals to identify transcription factors (e2fs, Prdm1a, Sp1) expressed selectively in neural progenitors and immature rods, and validated their necessity for regeneration using morphant analysis. The finding is useful, and the evidence is convincing. The deeper mechanistic analysis could further strengthen the current work by (1) distinguishing developmental vs regenerative transcriptional factors, (2) the addition of matched scATAC-Seq data, and (3) integration with single-cell multiome data from developing retina.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Shihabeddin et al. used bioinformatic and molecular biology tools to study the unique regeneration of rod photoreceptors in a zebrafish model. The authors identified a few transcription factors that seem to play an important role in this process.

Strengths:

This manuscript is well prepared. The topic of this study is an interesting and important one. Bioinformatics clues are interesting.

Weaknesses:

Considering the importance of the mechanism, the knockdown experiments require further validation. The authors over-emphasized this study's relevance to RP disease (i.e. patients and mammals are not capable of regeneration like zebrafish). They under-explained this regeneration's relevance or difference to normal developmental process, which is pretty much conserved in evolution.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This is an interesting and important work from Shihabeddin et al, to identify master regulators for rod photoreceptor regenerations in a zebrafish model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Building on their scRNA-seq data, Shihabeddin et al dissected the progenitor cell types and performed trajectory analyses to predict transcription factors that apparently drive the progenitor proliferation and differentiation into rod photoreceptors. Their analyses predicted e2f1, e2f2, and e2f3 as critical drivers of progenitor proliferation, Prdm1a as a driver of rod photoreceptor differentiation, and SP1 as a driver of rod photoreceptor maturation. Genetic experiments provide clear support for the roles of e2fs in progenitor proliferation. It's also apparent from Figure 8 that prdm1 knockdown appears to cause a decrease in rhodopsin expression. By colocalizing BrdU and Retp1, the authors inferred that the apparent "new rods" (which exhibit mixed BrdU and Retp1 signal) are decreased with prdm1, providing further support. Overall I found the work to be interesting, rigorous, and informative for the community.

I have a few suggestions for the authors to consider:

(1) Perhaps the authors can consider explaining why the Prdm1a knock-down cells would have a higher Retp1 signal per cell in Fig 9B. Is this a representative picture? This appears to contradict Figure 8's conclusion, although I could tell that the number of Retp1+ cells in the ONL appears to be lower.

(2) The authors noted "Surprisingly, the knockdown of prdm1a resulted in a significantly higher number of rhodopsin-positive cells in the INL (p=0.0293)", while it appears in Figure 9B, 9C that the difference is 2 cells vs 0 in a rightly broader field. It seems to be too strong of a statement for this effect.

(3) It appears to this reviewer that the proteomic data didn't reveal much in line with the overall hypothesis or the mechanism, and it's unclear why the authors went for proteomics rather than bulk RNA-seq or ChIP-seq for a transcription factor knock-down experiment. Overall this is a minor point.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study uses a combination of single-cell RNA-Seq to globally profile changes in gene expression in adult P23H transgenic zebrafish, which show progressive rod photoreceptor degeneration, along with age-matched controls. As expected, mitotically active retinal progenitors are identified in both conditions, the increased number of both progenitors and immature rods are observed. DrivAER-mediated gene regulatory network analysis in retinal progenitors, photoreceptor precursors, and mature rod photoreceptors respectively identified e2f1-3, prdm1a, and sp1 as top predicted transcriptional regulators of gene expression specific to these cell types. Finally, morpholino-mediated knockdown of these transcription factors led to expected defects in proliferation and rod differentiation.

Strengths:

Overall, this is a rigorous study that is convincingly executed and well-written. The data presented here will be a useful addition to existing single-cell RNA-Seq datasets obtained from regenerating zebrafish retina.

Weaknesses:

Multiple similar studies have been published and it is something of a missed opportunity in terms of identifying novel mechanisms of rod photoreceptor regeneration. Several other recent studies have used both single-cell RNA and ATAC-Seq to analyze gene regulatory networks that regulate neurogenesis in zebrafish retina following acute photoreceptor damage (Hoang, et al. 2020; Celloto, et al. 2023; Lyu, et al. 2023; Veen, et al 2023) or in other genetic models of progressive photoreceptor dystrophy such cep290 mutants (Fogerty, et al. 2022).

The gene regulatory network analysis here would also benefit from the addition of matched scATAC-Seq data, which would allow the use of more powerful tools such as Scenic+ (Bravo and de Winter, et al. 2023). It would also benefit from integration with single-cell multiome data from developing retinas (Lyu, et al. 2023). The genes selected for functional analysis here are all either robustly expressed in retinal progenitor cells (ef1-3 and aurka) or in developing rods (prdm1a), so it is not really surprising that defects are observed. Identification of factors that selectively regulate rod photoreceptor regeneration, rather than those that regulate both development and regeneration, would provide additional novelty. This would also potentially allow the use of animal mutants for candidate genes, rather than exclusively relying on morphant analysis, which may have off-target effects.

The description of the time points analyzed is vague, stating only that "fish from 6 to 12 months of age were analyzed". Since photoreceptor degeneration is progressive, it is unclear how progenitor behavior changes over time, or how the gene expression profile of other cell types such as microglia, cones, or surviving rods is altered by disease progression. Most similar studies address this by analyzing multiple time points from specific ages or times post-injury.

Author response:

Reviewer 1: “The authors over-emphasized this study's relevance to RP disease (i.e. patients and mammals are not capable of regeneration like zebrafish).”

It is true that humans and other mammals are not capable of regeneration.  This is why we and many other groups study zebrafish to identify mechanisms of regeneration that successfully form new rods.  That said, our previous paper on the molecular basis or retinal remodeling in this zebrafish model system (Santhanam et al., 2023; Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023;80(12):362) revealed remarkable similarities in the stress and physiological responses of rods, cones, RPE and inner retinal neurons to those in mammalian RP models.  Thus, we believe this zebrafish is an adequate model of RP and an excellent model to study rod regeneration. 

Reviewer 1: “They under-explained this regeneration's relevance or difference to normal developmental process, which is pretty much conserved in evolution.”  and:

Reviewer 3: “It would also benefit from integration with single-cell multiome data from developing retinas (Lyu, et al. 2023).”

It is an excellent suggestion to compare the regenerative response we have studied in a chronic degeneration/regeneration model to the trajectory of developmental rod formation. In Lyu, et at. 2023, it was found that while retinal regeneration has similarities to retinal development, it does not precisely recapitulate the same transcription factors and processes. Any differences between this trajectory and that revealed in developmental studies would be enlightening.  We intend to do such analyses to add to a revised manuscript in the future. 

Reviewer 2: “Perhaps the authors can consider explaining why the Prdm1a knock-down cells would have a higher Retp1 signal per cell in Fig 9B. Is this a representative picture? This appears to contradict Figure 8's conclusion, although I could tell that the number of Retp1+ cells in the ONL appears to be lower.”

These are different experimental paradigms.  Figure 8 shows knockdown 48 hours after injection, at which time prdm1a knockdown is affecting rhodopsin expression directly.  That experiment investigated whether prdm1a knockdown affected progenitor proliferation.  Figure 9 shows a time point 6 days after injection, at which time we were asking if prdm1a knockdown affected differentiation of progenitors into rods. 

Reviewer 2: “The authors noted "Surprisingly, the knockdown of prdm1a resulted in a significantly higher number of rhodopsin-positive cells in the INL (p=0.0293)", while it appears in Figure 9B, 9C that the difference is 2 cells vs 0 in a rightly broader field. It seems to be too strong of a statement for this effect.”

This was a very unexpected finding.  We included statistics (Figure 9D) to support the finding, so we don’t think it is too strong a statement to make.  Speculation as to what might cause this is fascinating.  Are Muller cells producing progenitors that fail to migrate to the ONL before differentiating into rods?  The lack of BrdU labeling does not support this idea.  Do neurogenic progenitor cells in the INL differentiate towards rods via a pathway that does not require prdm1a?  Perhaps.  Perhaps there are other explanations.

Reviewer 2: “It appears to this reviewer that the proteomic data didn't reveal much in line with the overall hypothesis or the mechanism, and it's unclear why the authors went for proteomics rather than bulk RNA-seq or ChIP-seq for a transcription factor knock-down experiment. Overall this is a minor point.”

We agree that bulk RNA sequencing would provide a similar answer, possibly with greater sensitivity.  We chose proteomics for two reasons: 1) We wanted an independent assessment of the knockdown effects that could evaluate whether the knockdowns worked and what pathways were affected.  Since our pathway comparison is to single cell RNAseq data, bulk RNA seq did not seem to be fully independent. 2) Because we used translation-blocking antisense oligos for most knockdown experiments, we did not expect the transcript abundance of the targeted gene to be affected, although these oligos can lead to target transcript degradation.  Thus, we were not likely to be able to validate that our knockdown worked with this technique. 

Reviewer 3: “The gene regulatory network analysis here would also benefit from the addition of matched scATAC-Seq data, …”

This is certainly true, and the reviewer points to several studies that have made excellent use of this strategy.  Given the 1-2 year timeline to obtain and analyze such data, it is unlikely that we will be able to incorporate such data in our revised manuscript, but we hope to do so for follow-up studies.

Reviewer 3: “The description of the time points analyzed is vague, stating only that "fish from 6 to 12 months of age were analyzed". Since photoreceptor degeneration is progressive, it is unclear how progenitor behavior changes over time, or how the gene expression profile of other cell types such as microglia, cones, or surviving rods is altered by disease progression.”

We have shown in a previous study (Santhanam et al. Cells. 2020;9(10)) that rod degeneration and regeneration are in a steady state from at least 4 to 8 months of age, and in other experiments in the lab at least to 12 months of age.  In this age range, regeneration keeps up with the pace of degeneration, both of which are very fast.  This encompasses the cell types that we specifically study in this manuscript.  The reviewer is right that other cell types could undergo changes.  This is a separate topic of study in the lab.

THE MWNTAL DOES NOT OUTWEIGH THE ACTION OF DECOONIZATION-IOLENT-LANDBACK-WATER RIGHTS

Interestingly, it's like big data analytics, where everything is tagged and then categorized through a series of algorithms like statistics and so on, and ultimately pushes out posts and content that users want to see.