在 Angular 5 中使用 GraphQL

原文链接：在 Angular 5 中使用 GraphQL

GraphQL 是 Facebook 开发的一种数据查询语言，它在客户端和服务器之间提供了一个公共 API 来获取和操作数据。 它处理单个 URL 端点上的所有请求。 它是 REST 风格、更快的应用程序和改善开发者体验的替代品。下面将介绍如何创建 GraphQL API 服务器并在 Angular5 中使用 GraphQL

在创建 GraphQL API 服务器之前，我们需要了解 GraphQL 的一些重要术语。

类型定义对象的形状，客户机期望和字段是一个类型的基本单位，可以有值的字符串，整数，布尔，浮点数，id，或引用系统中的其他类型，甚至一个自定义标量。

查询指定如何允许客户端查询和检索已定义类型。

函数用于操作数据。 它用于创建、更新和删除操作。

模式将一切联系在一起。 它的类型，查询和函数的收集。

解析器是一组特定于应用程序的函数，它们根据模式中描述的查询和函数操作与底层数据存储进行交互

以下是这个项目的先决条件:

• Node.js
• 节点包管理器(NPM)

通过在终端 / 控制台窗口中键入以下命令，确保系统上安装了 Node 和 NPM

node  –v
npm  – v
​

设置 GraphQL API 服务器

创建一个类似于 GraphQLServer 的目录，并将其更改为工作目录。

mkdir GraphQLServer
cd GraphQLServer
​

创建 package.json

npm init
​

此命令提示您一些信息，例如应用程序的名称和版本。 现在，你可以简单的点击 RETURN 来接受大多数选项的默认值。

安装 Express

npm install express --save
​

安装 graphql、 graphql-tools、 express-graphql 和 cors

npm install graphql graphql-tools express-graphql cors --save
​

让我们创建一个新的文件 schema.js，在这里我们将定义类型、查询和函数。

声明自定义 Date 标量，因为它不是 GraphQL 中的默认标量。

# declare custom scalars for date as GQDate
scalar GQDate
​

定义注册类型

# registration type

type Registration {

id: ID!

firstName: String

lastName: String

dob: GQDate

email: String

password: String

country: String

}
​

定义查询

type Query {

# Return a registration by id

Registration(id: ID!): Registration

# Return all registrations

Registrations(limit: Int): [Registration]

}
​

定义创建、更新和删除的函数

type Mutation {

# Create a registration

createRegistration (firstName: String,lastName: String, dob: GQDate, email: String, password: String, country: String): Registration

# Update a registration

updateRegistration (id: ID!, firstName: String,lastName: String, dob: GQDate, email: String, password: String, country: String): Registration

# Delete a registration

deleteRegistration(id: ID!): Registration

}
​

最终的 schema.js 文件将如下所示

// schema.js

const schema = `
# declare custom scalars for date as GQDate
scalar GQDate

# registration type
type Registration {
    id: ID!
    firstName: String
    lastName: String
    dob: GQDate
    email: String
    password: String
    country: String
}

type Query {
    # Return a registration by id
    Registration(id: ID!): Registration
    # Return all registrations
    Registrations(limit: Int): [Registration]
}

type Mutation {
    # Create a registration
    createRegistration (firstName: String,lastName: String, dob: GQDate, email: String, password: String, country: String): Registration
    # Update a registration
    updateRegistration (id: ID!, firstName: String,lastName: String, dob: GQDate, email: String, password: String, country: String): Registration
    # Delete a registration
    deleteRegistration(id: ID!): Registration
}
`;

module.exports.Schema = schema;

​

让我们创建一个 resolver.js 文件，我们将根据模式中描述的查询和函数操作来定义 CRUD 功能。

// resolvers.js

const { GraphQLScalarType } = require("graphql");

function convertDate(inputFormat) {
  function pad(s) {
    return s < 10 ? "0" + s : s;
  }
  var d = new Date(inputFormat);
  return [pad(d.getDate()), pad(d.getMonth()), d.getFullYear()].join("/");
}

// Define Date scalar type.

const GQDate = new GraphQLScalarType({
  name: "GQDate",
  description: "Date type",
  parseValue(value) {
    // value comes from the client
    return value; // sent to resolvers
  },
  serialize(value) {
    // value comes from resolvers
    return value; // sent to the client
  },
  parseLiteral(ast) {
    // value comes from the client
    return new Date(ast.value); // sent to resolvers
  }
});

// data store with default data
const registrations = [
  {
    id: 1,
    firstName: "Johan",
    lastName: "Peter",
    dob: new Date("2014-08-31"),
    email: "johan@gmail.com",
    password: "johan123",
    country: "UK"
  },
  {
    id: 2,
    firstName: "Mohamed",
    lastName: "Tariq",
    dob: new Date("1981-11-24"),
    email: "tariq@gmail.com",
    password: "tariq123",
    country: "UAE"
  },
  {
    id: 3,
    firstName: "Nirmal",
    lastName: "Kumar",
    dob: new Date("1991-09-02"),
    email: "nirmal@gmail.com",
    password: "nirmal123",
    country: "India"
  }
];

const resolvers = {
  Query: {
    Registrations: () => registrations, // return all registrations
    Registration: (_, { id }) =>
      registrations.find(registration => registration.id == id) // return registration by id
  },
  Mutation: {
    // create a new registration
    createRegistration: (root, args) => {
      // get next registration id
      const nextId =
        registrations.reduce((id, registration) => {
          return Math.max(id, registration.id);
        }, -1) + 1;
      const newRegistration = {
        id: nextId,
        firstName: args.firstName,
        lastName: args.lastName,
        dob: args.dob,
        email: args.email,
        password: args.password,
        country: args.country
      };
      // add registration to collection
      registrations.push(newRegistration);
      return newRegistration;
    }, // delete registration by id
    deleteRegistration: (root, args) => {
      // find index by id
      const index = registrations.findIndex(
        registration => registration.id == args.id
      );
      // remove registration by index
      registrations.splice(index, 1);
    }, // update registration
    updateRegistration: (root, args) => {
      // find index by id
      const index = registrations.findIndex(
        registration => registration.id == args.id
      );
      registrations[index].firstName = args.firstName;
      registrations[index].lastName = args.lastName;
      registrations[index].dob = args.dob;
      registrations[index].email = args.email;
      registrations[index].password = args.password;
      registrations[index].country = args.country;
      return registrations[index];
    }
  },
  GQDate
};

module.exports.Resolvers = resolvers;
​

最后，让我们创建一个 server.js 文件，在这个文件中我们将传递 typedef 和解析器来创建可执行模式。

// server.js

const express = require("express");
const cors = require("cors");
const graphqlHTTP = require("express-graphql");
const { makeExecutableSchema } = require("graphql-tools");

const typeDefs = require("./schema").Schema;
const resolvers = require("./resolvers").Resolvers;

const schema = makeExecutableSchema({
  typeDefs,
  resolvers,
  logger: {
    log: e => console.log(e)
  }
});

var app = express();

app.use(cors());

app.use(function(req, res, next) {
  res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
  res.header(
    "Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
    "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept"
  );
  next();
});

app.use(
  "/graphql",
  graphqlHTTP(request => ({
    schema: schema,
    graphiql: true
  }))
);

app.listen(4000);

console.log("Running a GraphQL API server at http://localhost:4000/graphql");
​

运行 GraphQL API 服务器

npm start
​

现在服务器已经启动，可以在 http://localhost:4200/graphql 上访问应用程序。 让我们在 graphhiql 上查询数据，我们应该得到下面的结果。

在客户端应用程序中使用 GraphQL API。

在父目录下创建一个作为 AngularClient 的目录，并将其更改为工作目录。

cd ..
mkdir AngularClient
cd AngularClient
​

克隆 github 中的项目到该目录

git clone https://github.com/bahurudeen/ng5bootstrap4.git
​

安装该项目

npm install
​

安装 Angular 命令行工具

npm install --save-dev @angular/cli@latest
​

为 Angular 安装 Apollo 客户端

npm install apollo-angular apollo-angular-link-http apollo-client apollo-cache-inmemory graphql-tag graphql --save
​

让我们创建一个 GraphQL.module.ts 文件，在该文件中，我们将创建到 GraphQL API 服务器的连接。

// src/app/graphql.module.ts

import { NgModule } from "@angular/core";
import { HttpClientModule } from "@angular/common/http";

// Apollo
import { ApolloModule, Apollo } from "apollo-angular";
import { HttpLinkModule, HttpLink } from "apollo-angular-link-http";
import { InMemoryCache } from "apollo-cache-inmemory";

@NgModule({
  exports: [HttpClientModule, ApolloModule, HttpLinkModule]
})
export class GraphQLModule {
  constructor(apollo: Apollo, httpLink: HttpLink) {
    apollo.create({
      link: httpLink.create({ uri: "http://localhost:4000/graphql" }),
      cache: new InMemoryCache()
    });
  }
}
​

在 app.module.ts 中导入 GraphQL 模块

// src/app/app.module.ts

import { BrowserModule } from "@angular/platform-browser";
import { NgModule } from "@angular/core";

import { AppRoutingModule } from "./app-routing.module";

import { AppComponent } from "./app.component";
import { NgbModule } from "@ng-bootstrap/ng-bootstrap";
import { NavbarComponent } from "./navbar/navbar.component";
import { HomeComponent } from "./home/home.component";
import { RegistrationComponent } from "./registration/registration.component";
import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms";

// Apollo
import { GraphQLModule } from "./graphql.module";

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    NavbarComponent,
    HomeComponent,
    RegistrationComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    AppRoutingModule,
    NgbModule.forRoot(),
    FormsModule,
    GraphQLModule
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}
​

在 registration.component.html 文件中将以下代码：

{{ registration.dob.day + '/' + registration.dob.month + '/' + registration.dob.year}}
​

替换为：

{{ registration.dob | date:”dd/MM/yyyy”}}
​

替换后的文件 registration.component.html 代码如下：

#
          First Name
          Last Name
          DOB
          Email
          Country
          
          
        
      
      
        
          {{ i + 1 }}
          {{ registration.firstName }}
          {{ registration.lastName }}
          {{ registration.dob | date:"dd/MM/yyyy"}}
          {{ registration.email }}
          {{ registration.country }}
          
            Edit
          
          
            Delete
          
        
      
    
    
      New
    
  
  
  
    
      
        First Name
        
          
        
      
      
        Last Name
        
          
        
      
      
        DOB
        
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        Email
        
          
        
      
      
        Password
        
          
        
      
      
        Country
        
          {{regModel.country}}
          
            {{country}}
          
        
      
      {{submitType}}
      Cancel
​

让我们通过在 registration.com ponent.ts 中使用 GraphQL API 来实现新的、编辑、删除和显示注册信息。

更新 registration.component.ts 文件：

// src/app/registration/registration.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core";
import { NgbDateStruct } from "@ng-bootstrap/ng-bootstrap";
import { Apollo } from "apollo-angular";
import gql from "graphql-tag";
import { Observable } from "rxjs/Observable";
import "rxjs/add/operator/map";

class Registration {
  constructor(
    public firstName: string = "",
    public lastName: string = "",
    public dob: NgbDateStruct = null,
    public email: string = "",
    public password: string = "",
    public country: string = "Select country"
  ) {}
}

@Component({
  selector: "app-registration",
  templateUrl: "./registration.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./registration.component.css"]
})
export class RegistrationComponent implements OnInit {
  // It maintains list of Registrations
  registrations: Array = [];
  // It maintains registration Model
  regModel: Registration;
  // It maintains registration form display status. By default it will be false.
  showNew: Boolean = false;
  // It will be either 'Save' or 'Update' based on operation.
  submitType: string = "Save";
  // It maintains table row index based on selection.
  selectedRow: number;
  // It maintains Array of countries.
  countries: string[] = ["US", "UK", "India", "UAE"];

  registrationList: Array = []; // List of Users

  comments: Observable;

  constructor(private apollo: Apollo) {}

  ngOnInit() {
    this.displayRegistrations();
  }

  // Get all registrations
  displayRegistrations() {
    const getRegistrations = gql`
      {
        Registrations {
          id
          firstName
          lastName
          dob
          email
          country
        }
      }
    `;

    this.apollo
      .watchQuery({
        query: getRegistrations,
        fetchPolicy: "network-only"
      })
      .valueChanges.map((result: any) => result.data.Registrations)
      .subscribe(data => {
        this.registrations = data;
      });
  }

  // This method associate to New Button.
  onNew() {
    // Initiate new registration.
    this.regModel = new Registration();
    // Change submitType to 'Save'.
    this.submitType = "Save";
    // display registration entry section.
    this.showNew = true;
  }

  // This method associate to Save Button.
  onSave() {
    var dateVal =
      this.regModel.dob.year.toString() +
      "-" +
      this.regModel.dob.month.toString() +
      "-" +
      this.regModel.dob.day.toString();
    if (this.submitType === "Save") {
      const saveRegistration = gql`
        mutation createRegistration(
          $firstName: String!
          $lastName: String!
          $dob: GQDate!
          $email: String!
          $password: String!
          $country: String!
        ) {
          createRegistration(
            firstName: $firstName
            lastName: $lastName
            dob: $dob
            email: $email
            password: $password
            country: $country
          ) {
            id
            dob
          }
        }
      `;
      this.apollo
        .mutate({
          mutation: saveRegistration,
          variables: {
            firstName: this.regModel.firstName,
            lastName: this.regModel.lastName,
            dob: new Date(dateVal),
            email: this.regModel.email,
            password: this.regModel.password,
            country: this.regModel.country
          }
        })
        .subscribe(
          ({ data }) => {
            this.displayRegistrations();
          },
          error => {
            console.log("there was an error sending the query", error);
          }
        );

      // Push registration model object into registration list.
      // this.registrations.push(this.regModel);
    } else {
      const updateRegistration = gql`
        mutation updateRegistration(
          $id: ID!
          $firstName: String!
          $lastName: String!
          $dob: GQDate!
          $email: String!
          $password: String!
          $country: String!
        ) {
          updateRegistration(
            id: $id
            firstName: $firstName
            lastName: $lastName
            dob: $dob
            email: $email
            password: $password
            country: $country
          ) {
            id
            country
          }
        }
      `;
      this.apollo
        .mutate({
          mutation: updateRegistration,
          variables: {
            id: this.selectedRow + 1,
            firstName: this.regModel.firstName,
            lastName: this.regModel.lastName,
            dob: new Date(dateVal),
            email: this.regModel.email,
            password: this.regModel.password,
            country: this.regModel.country
          }
        })
        .subscribe(
          ({ data }) => {
            console.log("got editdata", data);
            this.displayRegistrations();
          },
          error => {
            console.log("there was an error sending the query", error);
          }
        );
    }
    // Hide registration entry section.
    this.showNew = false;
  }

  // This method associate to Edit Button.
  onEdit(index: number) {
    // Assign selected table row index.
    this.selectedRow = index;
    // Initiate new registration.
    this.regModel = new Registration();
    // Retrieve selected registration from list and assign to model.
    this.regModel = Object.assign({}, this.registrations[this.selectedRow]);
    const dob = new Date(this.registrations[this.selectedRow].dob);

    this.regModel.dob = {
      day: dob.getDate(),
      month: dob.getMonth() + 1,
      year: dob.getFullYear()
    };

    // Change submitType to Update.
    this.submitType = "Update";
    // Display registration entry section.
    this.showNew = true;
  }

  // This method associate to Delete Button.
  onDelete(index: number) {
    const deleteRegistration = gql`
      mutation deleteRegistration($id: ID!) {
        deleteRegistration(id: $id) {
          id
        }
      }
    `;
    this.apollo
      .mutate({
        mutation: deleteRegistration,
        variables: {
          id: index + 1
        }
      })
      .subscribe(
        ({ data }) => {
          console.log("got editdata", data);
          this.displayRegistrations();
        },
        error => {
          console.log("there was an error sending the query", error);
        }
      );
  }

  // This method associate toCancel Button.
  onCancel() {
    // Hide registration entry section.
    this.showNew = false;
  }

  // This method associate to Bootstrap dropdown selection change.
  onChangeCountry(country: string) {
    // Assign corresponding selected country to model.
    this.regModel.country = country;
  }
}
​

运行应用程序。 在运行之前，确保 GraphQL API 服务器正在运行。

ng serve
​

现在 web 服务器已经启动，注册应用程序可以在 http://localhost:4200/上访问，正如你在下面屏幕截图中看到的那样。

英文原文：Creating a GraphQL API server and consuming in Angular 5 application