本文主要从 JDK 源码角度分析 OutputStream。 @Eason Gao
OutputStream 类实现关系
OutputStream 抽象类
OutputStream 类
public abstract void write(int b)
// 写入一个字节，可以看到这里的参数是一个 int 类型，对应上面的读方法，int 类型的 32 位，只有低 8 位才写入，高 24 位将舍弃。
public void write(byte b[])
// 将数组中的所有字节写入，和上面对应的 read() 方法类似，实际调用的也是下面的方法。
public void write(byte b[], int off, int len)
// 将 byte 数组从 off 位置开始，len 长度的字节写入
public void flush()
// 强制刷新，将缓冲中的数据写入
public void close()
// 关闭输出流，流被关闭后就不能再输出数据了
源码实现
FilterOutputStream
/**
* This class is the superclass of all classes that filter output
* streams. These streams sit on top of an already existing output
* stream (the <i>underlying</i> output stream) which it uses as its
* basic sink of data, but possibly transforming the data along the
* way or providing additional functionality.
* <p>
* The class <code>FilterOutputStream</code> itself simply overrides
* all methods of <code>OutputStream</code> with versions that pass
* all requests to the underlying output stream. Subclasses of
* <code>FilterOutputStream</code> may further override some of these
* methods as well as provide additional methods and fields.
*
* @author Jonathan Payne
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public
class FilterOutputStream extends OutputStream {
/**
* The underlying output stream to be filtered.
*/
protected OutputStream out;
/**
* Creates an output stream filter built on top of the specified
* underlying output stream.
*
* @param out the underlying output stream to be assigned to
* the field <tt>this.out</tt> for later use, or
* <code>null</code> if this instance is to be
* created without an underlying stream.
*/
public FilterOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
this.out = out;
}
/**
* Writes the specified <code>byte</code> to this output stream.
* <p>
* The <code>write</code> method of <code>FilterOutputStream</code>
* calls the <code>write</code> method of its underlying output stream,
* that is, it performs <tt>out.write(b)</tt>.
* <p>
* Implements the abstract <tt>write</tt> method of <tt>OutputStream</tt>.
*
* @param b the <code>byte</code>.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public void write(int b) throws IOException {
out.write(b);
}
/**
* Writes <code>b.length</code> bytes to this output stream.
* <p>
* The <code>write</code> method of <code>FilterOutputStream</code>
* calls its <code>write</code> method of three arguments with the
* arguments <code>b</code>, <code>0</code>, and
* <code>b.length</code>.
* <p>
* Note that this method does not call the one-argument
* <code>write</code> method of its underlying stream with the single
* argument <code>b</code>.
*
* @param b the data to be written.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#write(byte[], int, int)
*/
public void write(byte b[]) throws IOException {
write(b, 0, b.length);
}
/**
* Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified
* <code>byte</code> array starting at offset <code>off</code> to
* this output stream.
* <p>
* The <code>write</code> method of <code>FilterOutputStream</code>
* calls the <code>write</code> method of one argument on each
* <code>byte</code> to output.
* <p>
* Note that this method does not call the <code>write</code> method
* of its underlying input stream with the same arguments. Subclasses
* of <code>FilterOutputStream</code> should provide a more efficient
* implementation of this method.
*
* @param b the data.
* @param off the start offset in the data.
* @param len the number of bytes to write.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#write(int)
*/
public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if ((off | len | (b.length - (len + off)) | (off + len)) < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
for (int i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) {
write(b[off + i]);
}
}
/**
* Flushes this output stream and forces any buffered output bytes
* to be written out to the stream.
* <p>
* The <code>flush</code> method of <code>FilterOutputStream</code>
* calls the <code>flush</code> method of its underlying output stream.
*
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#out
*/
public void flush() throws IOException {
out.flush();
}
/**
* Closes this output stream and releases any system resources
* associated with the stream.
* <p>
* The <code>close</code> method of <code>FilterOutputStream</code>
* calls its <code>flush</code> method, and then calls the
* <code>close</code> method of its underlying output stream.
*
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#flush()
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#out
*/
@SuppressWarnings("try")
public void close() throws IOException {
try (OutputStream ostream = out) {
flush();
}
}
}
ByteArrayOutputStream
/**
* This class implements an output stream in which the data is
* written into a byte array. The buffer automatically grows as data
* is written to it.
* The data can be retrieved using <code>toByteArray()</code> and
* <code>toString()</code>.
* <p>
* Closing a <tt>ByteArrayOutputStream</tt> has no effect. The methods in
* this class can be called after the stream has been closed without
* generating an <tt>IOException</tt>.
*
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class ByteArrayOutputStream extends OutputStream {
/**
* The buffer where data is stored.
*/
protected byte buf[];
/**
* The number of valid bytes in the buffer.
*/
protected int count;
/**
* Creates a new byte array output stream. The buffer capacity is
* initially 32 bytes, though its size increases if necessary.
*/
public ByteArrayOutputStream() {
this(32);
}
/**
* Creates a new byte array output stream, with a buffer capacity of
* the specified size, in bytes.
*
* @param size the initial size.
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if size is negative.
*/
public ByteArrayOutputStream(int size) {
if (size < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative initial size: "
+ size);
}
buf = new byte[size];
}
/**
* Increases the capacity if necessary to ensure that it can hold
* at least the number of elements specified by the minimum
* capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
* @throws OutOfMemoryError if {@code minCapacity < 0}. This is
* interpreted as a request for the unsatisfiably large capacity
* {@code (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE + (minCapacity - Integer.MAX_VALUE)}.
*/
private void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - buf.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* The maximum size of array to allocate.
* Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
* Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
* OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = buf.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
buf = Arrays.copyOf(buf, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
/**
* Writes the specified byte to this byte array output stream.
*
* @param b the byte to be written.
*/
public synchronized void write(int b) {
ensureCapacity(count + 1);
buf[count] = (byte) b;
count += 1;
}
/**
* Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
* starting at offset <code>off</code> to this byte array output stream.
*
* @param b the data.
* @param off the start offset in the data.
* @param len the number of bytes to write.
*/
public synchronized void write(byte b[], int off, int len) {
if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) - b.length > 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
ensureCapacity(count + len);
System.arraycopy(b, off, buf, count, len);
count += len;
}
/**
* Writes the complete contents of this byte array output stream to
* the specified output stream argument, as if by calling the output
* stream's write method using <code>out.write(buf, 0, count)</code>.
*
* @param out the output stream to which to write the data.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public synchronized void writeTo(OutputStream out) throws IOException {
out.write(buf, 0, count);
}
/**
* Resets the <code>count</code> field of this byte array output
* stream to zero, so that all currently accumulated output in the
* output stream is discarded. The output stream can be used again,
* reusing the already allocated buffer space.
*
* @see java.io.ByteArrayInputStream#count
*/
public synchronized void reset() {
count = 0;
}
/**
* Creates a newly allocated byte array. Its size is the current
* size of this output stream and the valid contents of the buffer
* have been copied into it.
*
* @return the current contents of this output stream, as a byte array.
* @see java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream#size()
*/
public synchronized byte toByteArray()[] {
return Arrays.copyOf(buf, count);
}
/**
* Returns the current size of the buffer.
*
* @return the value of the <code>count</code> field, which is the number
* of valid bytes in this output stream.
* @see java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream#count
*/
public synchronized int size() {
return count;
}
/**
* Converts the buffer's contents into a string decoding bytes using the
* platform's default character set. The length of the new <tt>String</tt>
* is a function of the character set, and hence may not be equal to the
* size of the buffer.
*
* <p> This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with the default replacement string for the platform's
* default character set. The {@linkplain java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder}
* class should be used when more control over the decoding process is
* required.
*
* @return String decoded from the buffer's contents.
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public synchronized String toString() {
return new String(buf, 0, count);
}
/**
* Converts the buffer's contents into a string by decoding the bytes using
* the named {@link java.nio.charset.Charset charset}. The length of the new
* <tt>String</tt> is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
* to the length of the byte array.
*
* <p> This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with this charset's default replacement string. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder} class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param charsetName the name of a supported
* {@link java.nio.charset.Charset charset}
* @return String decoded from the buffer's contents.
* @exception UnsupportedEncodingException
* If the named charset is not supported
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public synchronized String toString(String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException
{
return new String(buf, 0, count, charsetName);
}
/**
* Creates a newly allocated string. Its size is the current size of
* the output stream and the valid contents of the buffer have been
* copied into it. Each character <i>c</i> in the resulting string is
* constructed from the corresponding element <i>b</i> in the byte
* array such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* c == (char)(((hibyte & 0xff) << 8) | (b & 0xff))
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
* As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
* <code>toString(String enc)</code> method, which takes an encoding-name
* argument, or the <code>toString()</code> method, which uses the
* platform's default character encoding.
*
* @param hibyte the high byte of each resulting Unicode character.
* @return the current contents of the output stream, as a string.
* @see java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream#size()
* @see java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream#toString(String)
* @see java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream#toString()
*/
@Deprecated
public synchronized String toString(int hibyte) {
return new String(buf, hibyte, 0, count);
}
/**
* Closing a <tt>ByteArrayOutputStream</tt> has no effect. The methods in
* this class can be called after the stream has been closed without
* generating an <tt>IOException</tt>.
*/
public void close() throws IOException {
}
}
BufferedOutputStream
/**
* The class implements a buffered output stream. By setting up such
* an output stream, an application can write bytes to the underlying
* output stream without necessarily causing a call to the underlying
* system for each byte written.
*
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public
class BufferedOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream {
/**
* The internal buffer where data is stored.
*/
protected byte buf[];
/**
* The number of valid bytes in the buffer. This value is always
* in the range <tt>0</tt> through <tt>buf.length</tt>; elements
* <tt>buf[0]</tt> through <tt>buf[count-1]</tt> contain valid
* byte data.
*/
protected int count;
/**
* Creates a new buffered output stream to write data to the
* specified underlying output stream.
*
* @param out the underlying output stream.
*/
public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
this(out, 8192);
}
/**
* Creates a new buffered output stream to write data to the
* specified underlying output stream with the specified buffer
* size.
*
* @param out the underlying output stream.
* @param size the buffer size.
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if size <= 0.
*/
public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out, int size) {
super(out);
if (size <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Buffer size <= 0");
}
buf = new byte[size];
}
/** Flush the internal buffer */
private void flushBuffer() throws IOException {
if (count > 0) {
out.write(buf, 0, count);
count = 0;
}
}
/**
* Writes the specified byte to this buffered output stream.
*
* @param b the byte to be written.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public synchronized void write(int b) throws IOException {
if (count >= buf.length) {
flushBuffer();
}
buf[count++] = (byte)b;
}
/**
* Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
* starting at offset <code>off</code> to this buffered output stream.
*
* <p> Ordinarily this method stores bytes from the given array into this
* stream's buffer, flushing the buffer to the underlying output stream as
* needed. If the requested length is at least as large as this stream's
* buffer, however, then this method will flush the buffer and write the
* bytes directly to the underlying output stream. Thus redundant
* <code>BufferedOutputStream</code>s will not copy data unnecessarily.
*
* @param b the data.
* @param off the start offset in the data.
* @param len the number of bytes to write.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public synchronized void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (len >= buf.length) {
/* If the request length exceeds the size of the output buffer,
flush the output buffer and then write the data directly.
In this way buffered streams will cascade harmlessly. */
flushBuffer();
out.write(b, off, len);
return;
}
if (len > buf.length - count) {
flushBuffer();
}
System.arraycopy(b, off, buf, count, len);
count += len;
}
/**
* Flushes this buffered output stream. This forces any buffered
* output bytes to be written out to the underlying output stream.
*
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
* @see java.io.FilterOutputStream#out
*/
public synchronized void flush() throws IOException {
flushBuffer();
out.flush();
}
}
PipedOutputStream
/**
* A piped output stream can be connected to a piped input stream
* to create a communications pipe. The piped output stream is the
* sending end of the pipe. Typically, data is written to a
* <code>PipedOutputStream</code> object by one thread and data is
* read from the connected <code>PipedInputStream</code> by some
* other thread. Attempting to use both objects from a single thread
* is not recommended as it may deadlock the thread.
* The pipe is said to be <a name=BROKEN> <i>broken</i> </a> if a
* thread that was reading data bytes from the connected piped input
* stream is no longer alive.
*
* @author James Gosling
* @see java.io.PipedInputStream
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public
class PipedOutputStream extends OutputStream {
/* REMIND: identification of the read and write sides needs to be
more sophisticated. Either using thread groups (but what about
pipes within a thread?) or using finalization (but it may be a
long time until the next GC). */
private PipedInputStream sink;
/**
* Creates a piped output stream connected to the specified piped
* input stream. Data bytes written to this stream will then be
* available as input from <code>snk</code>.
*
* @param snk The piped input stream to connect to.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public PipedOutputStream(PipedInputStream snk) throws IOException {
connect(snk);
}
/**
* Creates a piped output stream that is not yet connected to a
* piped input stream. It must be connected to a piped input stream,
* either by the receiver or the sender, before being used.
*
* @see java.io.PipedInputStream#connect(java.io.PipedOutputStream)
* @see java.io.PipedOutputStream#connect(java.io.PipedInputStream)
*/
public PipedOutputStream() {
}
/**
* Connects this piped output stream to a receiver. If this object
* is already connected to some other piped input stream, an
* <code>IOException</code> is thrown.
* <p>
* If <code>snk</code> is an unconnected piped input stream and
* <code>src</code> is an unconnected piped output stream, they may
* be connected by either the call:
* <blockquote><pre>
* src.connect(snk)</pre></blockquote>
* or the call:
* <blockquote><pre>
* snk.connect(src)</pre></blockquote>
* The two calls have the same effect.
*
* @param snk the piped input stream to connect to.
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public synchronized void connect(PipedInputStream snk) throws IOException {
if (snk == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if (sink != null || snk.connected) {
throw new IOException("Already connected");
}
sink = snk;
snk.in = -1;
snk.out = 0;
snk.connected = true;
}
/**
* Writes the specified <code>byte</code> to the piped output stream.
* <p>
* Implements the <code>write</code> method of <code>OutputStream</code>.
*
* @param b the <code>byte</code> to be written.
* @exception IOException if the pipe is <a href=#BROKEN> broken</a>,
* {@link #connect(java.io.PipedInputStream) unconnected},
* closed, or if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public void write(int b) throws IOException {
if (sink == null) {
throw new IOException("Pipe not connected");
}
sink.receive(b);
}
/**
* Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
* starting at offset <code>off</code> to this piped output stream.
* This method blocks until all the bytes are written to the output
* stream.
*
* @param b the data.
* @param off the start offset in the data.
* @param len the number of bytes to write.
* @exception IOException if the pipe is <a href=#BROKEN> broken</a>,
* {@link #connect(java.io.PipedInputStream) unconnected},
* closed, or if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (sink == null) {
throw new IOException("Pipe not connected");
} else if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) > b.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (len == 0) {
return;
}
sink.receive(b, off, len);
}
/**
* Flushes this output stream and forces any buffered output bytes
* to be written out.
* This will notify any readers that bytes are waiting in the pipe.
*
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public synchronized void flush() throws IOException {
if (sink != null) {
synchronized (sink) {
sink.notifyAll();
}
}
}
/**
* Closes this piped output stream and releases any system resources
* associated with this stream. This stream may no longer be used for
* writing bytes.
*
* @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
*/
public void close() throws IOException {
if (sink != null) {
sink.receivedLast();
}
}
}
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